The conflict between India and Pakistan

 The conflict between India and Pakistan traces its origins to the 1947 partition of British India, which resulted in the establishment of a Muslim-majority Pakistan and a Hindu-majority India. The India Independence Act granted regions like Jammu and Kashmir the option to align with either nation. Initially, Kashmir's ruler aspired to independence, citing historical


neglect. However, he aligned with India to counter Pakistani invaders, sparking the 1947-48 Indo-Pakistani War. The 1949 Karachi Agreement set up a UN-monitored ceasefire line and proposed a referendum that never came to fruition.



Subsequent tensions led to a comprehensive war in 1965 and another conflict in 1971, leading to the liberation of East Pakistan. The 1972 Simla Agreement established the Line of Control (LOC) to divide Kashmir administratively. The advent of nuclear weapons escalated the stakes, while a Pakistan-backed movement in Indian Kashmir reignited violence in 1989. Despite a renewed commitment to the LOC in 1999, the Kargil War erupted the same year. A delicate ceasefire has been in place since 2003, punctuated by sporadic clashes along the border, which intensified between 2016 and 2018. Hopes for peace generated by the 2014 meetings between Modi and Sharif were dampened by events such as the 2016 Uri attack.



Recent developments encompass the revocation of Article 370 in 2019, heightened violence, and a 2021 ceasefire. Attempts to assert control over Indian-administered Kashmir persisted, alongside tensions along the China-India border. The 2023 SCO summit strained India-Pakistan relations, exacerbated by Pakistani political upheaval and China's increasing involvement in the region.



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